Emissions Trading

PART I

Offsetting

Carbon Offsetting is the counteracting of carbon dioxide emissions with an equivalent reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. For instance, in aviation CO2 could be lowered by planting trees to offset the emissions from international flights.

Trading

Emissions Trading, also known as cap and trade, is an approach to pollution control. By creating a market place in a commodity exchange, traders can buy and sell credits related to pollutants.

The European Union Emission Trading Scheme is an example of an approach to dealing with greenhouse gas emissions. Caps are put on the amount of carbon (CO2) a polluter can emit. Credits are given to businesses that reduce their emissions. Credits can also be obtained through offset programs. Offset programs include projects like planting trees. Planting trees helps to offset carbon emissions. Some other examples of offset programs are generating power through wind, solar or hydro techniques.

Carbon credits obtained through the reduction of emissions or through offset programs can then be bought and sold on the open market. If a polluter exceeds their emissions cap, they have to buy carbon credits. The more companies pollute, the more demand is put on carbon credits. The greater the demand for carbon credits, the higher the price of carbon credits. The higher the price of carbon credits, the more expensive it becomes to pollute. Thus, there is a strong financial incentive for a business to clean up its act.

Over time, caps are reduced. As caps are reduced, the supply of carbon credits is reduced, again putting upward pressure on the price. The result is an overall reduction in emissions.

Resources

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation, United Nations (2016)
First Global Pollution Tax, The Membrane Domain (2013)
Tax Pollution, The Membrane Domain (2013)
California's First Cap-and-Trade Auction, Environmental Defense Fund (2012)
Australia's Carbon Tax, The Membrane Domain (2012)
Emissions Trading Schemes, U.S. Energy Information Administration (2010)
First U.S. CO2 Auction, The Associated Press (2008)

Contact

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